![]() Further, medical simulators are essential for testing medical devices in case of unavailable animal models. To meet this need, medical cardiovascular flow simulators and virtual reality simulators are widely used. ![]() To minimize these risks and incidents, doctors and other medical professionals need to be adequately trained before performing the procedure on patients. Although the catheterization procedure is effective and essential in cardiac disease treatment, procedure failure and tissue damage from multiple cannulation trials and complications including hemorrhage and thrombosis have often occurred ( 5). This procedure is commonly used to diagnose cardiovascular conditions, implant certain medical devices, repair heart defects, and take samples of blood or heart muscles. It is an interventional catheterization procedure which avoids surgically opening the chest and allows for the insertion of a catheter into an artery or vein that is then guided to the heart ( Figure 1) ( 3, 4). We expect that our simulator can be used as an educational tool for cardiac catheterization as well as a testing tool that will allow for design iteration before moving to animal trials.Ĭardiac catheterization associated with heart disease treatment such as coronary angioplasty and coronary stenting has been conducted more than 1,000,000 times every year in the United States ( 1, 2). ![]() We demonstrated simulation by inserting a catheter into the system at radial/femoral access sites, passing it through the vasculature, and advancing it into the heart. It simulates physiological pulsatile blood flow with a setting for constant flow from 3 to 6 L/min and mimics physiological temperature (37☌). Our simulator includes an anatomical right atrium/ventricle, femoral and radial access sites, and considers the variability of arm position. Here, we developed an anatomically and physiologically accurate cardiovascular flow simulator to help train medical professionals and test medical devices. Inexpensive and anatomical cardiovascular simulators with central venous access for cannulation are sparse. However, commercial simulators are expensive, simplified for their purpose, and provide limited access sites. Simulators are also employed to test medical devices such as catheters before performing animal tests because they are more cost-effective and still reveal necessary improvements. To minimize the risks, medical simulators are used for training. Cardiac catheterization associated with central vein cannulation can involve potential thrombotic and infectious complications due to multiple cannulation trials or improper placement.
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